There are three ways to calculate quarterly real GDP growth rates:

1. Year-on-year (yoy) growth rate – this measures the percentage change in real GDP from the corresponding quarter in the previous year
2. Quarter-on-quarter seasonally-adjusted (qoq sa) growth rate – this measures the percentage change in real GDP from the preceding quarter, and is calculated from seasonally adjusted real GDP data
3. Quarter-on-quarter seasonally-adjusted annualised (qoq saa) growth rate – this extrapolates the qoq sa growth rate in a quarter over the next three quarters to obtain the change in real GDP over a one-year period to facilitate comparisons with annual or yoy growth rates

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